This book systematically examines the progression of carrying capacity research and its correlation with sustainable development, constructing a new framework of interactive theory and application methods within the context of sustainable development. Additionally, it links carrying capacity theory and methods with the unique challenges faced by China in achieving sustainable development. The book delves into the implementation of sustainable development strategies tailored to China’s specific circumstances. In practical research, the book conducts comprehensive calculations and analyses of the carrying capacity of various regions in China from resource, environmental, and economic perspectives. It employs various analytical approaches to elucidate and investigate three key issues in China’s current development landscape: regional functional planning, urban-rural coordinated development, and the transformation of economic growth models. The book is intended to unveil more efficacious solutions, pathways, and measures to address these challenges.