In modern societies the religious interpretation of holy scriptures and the religious interpretation of the world and of society are confronted with specific challenges raised by the historical interpretation of holy texts, as well as by the plethora of religious and secular world-views and by the claims of human rights and individual liberty. In this collection of papers, presented at a colloquium in Berlin in 2014, scholars of Islamic studies, philosophers and theologians from Christian and Islamic traditions engage in a debate on the self-understanding of religion in Modernity.