The agricultural sector is significantly impacted by climate change, leading to increased occurrences of droughts, floods, and heatwaves, which affect crop yields and soil quality. This issue is compounded by a rising agricultural water demand projected to double by 2050, alongside decreasing freshwater supplies, intensifying the need for sustainable agricultural solutions. Nanotechnology offers promising approaches to improve agricultural sustainability through the use of slow-release fertilizers, targeted pesticide delivery, and disease-detecting sensors that reduce chemical usage and pollution. Additionally, nanotechnology enables sustainable pest control methods, such as green synthesis of antibacterial nanomaterials, improving environmental outcomes. Compared to traditional biotechnology, nanotechnology provides precise intervention in plant biochemical processes, enhancing crop yields, nutrient absorption, and soil quality while supporting wastewater treatment and resilience against environmental stress.