Women are born with a finite number of oocytes and throughout the reproductive aging process (which starts prior to birth and develops in a continuum), the progressive loss of these oocytes (during atresia or ovulation) is observed, which does not necessarily happen at a constant rate. The reproductive failure is what signals menopause. In this new book, the authors discuss the management, complications and social perceptions relating to menopause. Topics included in this complication examine the biopsychosocial conceptualization and assessment of menopausal symptoms; management of typically ignored but increased risk factors for dysparaneua, HIV and other STDs; perceptions about menopause and hormonal therapy in Brazilian women; estrogen deficiency in bone diseases in female hemodialysis patients; and estrogen dose in postmenopausal hormonal therapy.