Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of cancers wherein the immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature and fail to become healthy blood cells. Initially, there are no symptoms, but later on, symptoms such as shortness of breath, a feeling of exhaustion, easy bleeding and frequent infections start to develop. Some myelodysplastic syndromes may develop into acute myeloid leukemias. The risk factors associated with MDS include exposure to pesticides, tobacco smoke, benzene, and heavy metals such as lead or mercury along with previous history of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The diagnosis of MDS is usually done by eliminating other causes of cytopenias, such as anemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. The treatment of MDS may involve drug therapy, supportive care and stem cell transplantation. Supportive care is provided by the use of antibiotics, blood transfusions and medications to increase the formation of red blood cells. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about myelodysplastic syndromes. It includes some of the significant pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to this condition. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying MDS as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.