The monograph, on the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan, examines the problems of political and socio-cultural transformation of the national republics of the Russian Federation in the post-Soviet period of history. Besides ethnopolitical processes of the region, aspects of language situation and language policy, problems of federalism and regional ideology are revealed. For political scientists, sociologists, teachers, students and everyone interested in the problems of modern political development of Russia and the Republic of Bashkortostan.