The
Shijing
("Canon of Odes") is China's oldest poetry collection, traditionally considered to have been edited by Confucius himself. Despite their enormous importance for Confucianism and Chinese civilization, the 305 odes have for millennia also puzzled readers. Why did the Sage include in the Canon apparently lewd poems about women promising men to "hitch up" their skirts and "wade the river," and men "tossing and turning in bed" yearning for young women? What did the innumerable representations of plants, beasts, and birds, and of various climactic and astronomical phenomena, signify beyond their immediate function as natural descriptions?One such puzzled reader was Mao Heng, a learned Confucian employed at a minor court in the mid-second century BCE. The object of this study is the
Commentary
that Mao composed on the
Odes
, and in particular the hermeneutic tool—the
xing
—that he invented to explain the figurality and tropes at play in them. Mao's "xingish" interpretation of the
is both genuinely hermeneutic, in that it explains the rhetorical organization of these poems, and thoroughly ideological, since it allows Mao to transform them into Confucian dogma. The book also argues that the
, content, function, and cultural importance, is comparable to the Aristotelian concept of metaphor (
metaphora
), and that the
, the
, and the practice of
shi
(Chinese "poetry") demand an intercultural, "comparative" reading for a more nuanced understanding.