The Science of Reading is an interdisciplinary body of research that examines how people learn to read and identifies the most effective methods for teaching literacy. Rooted in cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and linguistics, it provides evidence-based insights into the processes of reading development, emphasizing foundational skills like phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension. Unlike older, disproven methods such as the "three-cueing system," the Science of Reading highlights the importance of explicit, systematic instruction, particularly in phonics and decoding. By understanding how the brain processes written language and applying structured literacy approaches, educators can address learning gaps, support struggling readers, and foster equitable access to literacy for all students. This research-driven framework is reshaping literacy education worldwide, offering a path to improved outcomes for diverse learners.