This comprehensive study outlines the current transformation in agriculture and its effect on the demography, development, and economy of the People’s Republic of the Congo. G. Nguyen Tien Hung analyzes fundamental structural changes within the economy and the impact of the application of the Marxist model of development upon the performance and growth of the agricultural sector. The course of rural development over the past fifteen years is charted with an emphasis on migration, welfare, and the influence of aid on small farming communities. Dr. Hung assesses the constraints on agricultural production and marketing and the effectiveness of farmer cooperatives in overcoming these limitations. This study explores the prospects for future development in the Congo and provides an analysis applicable to other African states.