Cancer has a complex etiology, probably due to a sophisticated interaction between the genetic endowment of individuals and environmental risk factors. The continuing magnitude and severity of cancer as a major health problem renders cancer prevention an important area in the field of cancer research. Developments in cancer prevention have benefited from the recent advances in molecular and cellular biology. Several specific molecules have been identified as promising targets for cancer prevention and numerous agents have been synthesized, developed and tested to modulate the functions of these molecules. Given the ongoing advances in our understanding in the genesis of cancer, it is possible to develop new and better agents on a more mechanistic basis. The most striking examples for this mechanism-based approach for cancer prevention include: the role of inducible cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in colon cancer and the preventive effects of COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., celecoxib); the involvement of estrogen receptors in breast cancer and the development of selective estrogen receptor modulators (e.g., tamoxifen and raloxifene) for the prevention of this malignancy; and the function of androgen in prostate cancer and the use of 5- -reductase inhibitors (e.g., finasteride) as a preventive measure. This new book brings together important research from around the world in this challenging field.