The process of gathering information about the physical, chemical and biological systems of the Earth is called Earth observation. It uses remote sensing technology to continuously monitor land, water, environment and atmosphere. Earth observation plays an instrumental role in assessing and mitigating negative impacts across multiple areas such as agriculture, biodiversity, climate, disasters, ecosystems, energy, health, water and weather. In the recent years, various developments have taken place in satellite remote sensor technology and retrieval algorithms. These advancements have improved climate research, and observations related to land, oceans and atmosphere. Earth observation and monitoring can also help in evaluating and preventing disasters, climate change, and biodiversity loss. This book provides comprehensive insights into the subject of Earth observation and monitoring. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Students, researchers, experts, and all associated with geography, geology, and Earth sciences will benefit alike from this book.