The organ transplant of a kidney into a patient having end-stage renal disease is known as renal or kidney transplantation. Diabetes mellitus, malignant hypertension, infections, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and polycystic kidney disease are some of the common disorders which often lead to end-stage renal disease. In case of renal transplantation, the donor and the recipient should be ABO blood group and crossmatch (human leukocyte antigen — HLA) compatible. The renal transplantation surgery usually takes around three hours. The transplanted donor kidney is placed in the lower abdomen and its blood vessels are then connected to the arteries and veins in the recipient's body. Renal transplantation is an upcoming field of medicine that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for doctors and experts.