From 29 August to 7 September 2007, a large group of distinguished lecturers and young physicists from various countries met in Erice, Italy, at the “Ettore Majorana” Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture (EMFCSC) to attend the 45th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics: “Search for the ‘Totally Unexpected’ in the LHC era”.This book is a collection of lectures delivered during the course, which covered the most recent advances in theoretical physics and the latest results from the current experimental facilities. In the School's effort to encourage and promote young physicists achieve recognition at an international level, students who distinguished themselves for the excellence of their research have been given the opportunity to publish their presentation in this volume.