During the postwar years, the United States initiated a comprehensive trial program in Germany to address Nazi crimes. This program included three main sets of trials: the International Military Trial at Nuremberg, the Nuremberg Military Tribunals, and trials conducted at the Dachau concentration camp. The Dachau trials focused on prosecuting individuals involved in atrocities at several camps liberated by American forces, such as Dachau, Mauthausen, Buchenwald, Flossenbürg, and Dora-Mittelbau.
These trials were a critical effort by the United States to punish Nazi crimes within the concentration camps. Over 1,000 defendants were tried at Dachau for violating the laws of war, as defined by international and American military norms. The legal process faced challenges due to the unprecedented nature of the crimes. A notable innovation in the Dachau trials was the use of a criminal conspiracy charge, which accused defendants of participating in the standard criminal design of the concentration camp system as a criminal organization.
However, after 1947 and 1948, issues arose due to inadequate planning for the trials' aftermath, particularly regarding the appellate process for convicted individuals. This became more pressing amid escalating tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. Two scandals drew public attention, leading to official investigations by the U.S. Congress into the Dachau tribunal program.
While the reviews were critical of the Army's handling of clemency, they largely praised the trials themselves. Despite this, over time, the Dachau trials faded from public memory.