The first part of this volume discusses the importance of Prague Structuralism for contemporary linguistics: the phonology of N. S. Trubetzkoy, the concepts of sign and neutralization in the work of Bohumil Trnka, and his influence on the theory of functional sentence perspective. It also traces contemporary developments of structuralist methodologies in pragmatics, morphology, and lexicology. The second part focuses on the legacy of the Prague school in the theories of poetic function, rhetoric, and translation. It assesses the relevance of structuralism for the present thought of difference, social systems and history, system theories and fictions in science and literature. The book is the first volume in the series Interfacing Science, Literature, and the Humanities.