This book explores the profound social, cultural, and political changes that affected the way in which Canadians and Australians defined themselves as a «people» from the late nineteenth century to the 1970s. Taking as its central theme the way each country responded to the introduction of new migrants, the book asks a key historical question: why and how did multiculturalism replace Britishness as the defining idea of community for English-speaking Canada and Australia, and what does this say about their respective experiences of nationalism in the twentieth century? The book begins from a simple premise – namely, that the path towards the adoption of multiculturalism as the orthodox way of defining national community in English-speaking Canada and Australia in the latter half of the twentieth century was both uncertain and unsteady. It followed a period in which both nations had looked first and foremost to Britain to define their national self-image. In both nations, however, following the breakdown of their more formal and institutional ties to the ‘mother-country’ in the post-war period there was a crisis of national meaning, and policy makers and politicians moved quickly to fill the void with a new idea of the nation, one that was the very antithesis to the White, monolithic idea of Britishness. This book will be useful for both history and politics courses in Australia and Canada, as well as internationally. ‘A well-researched and important comparative study of the decline of Britishness and the rise of multiculturalism in both Canada and Australia from the 1890s to the present. It is a must-read book for historians of both countries, especially those interested in the creation of national identities.'—Phil Buckner, UCL/University of New Brunswick 'An original approach to an important subject, this book argues that it is no coincidence that Australia and Canada were at the forefront of the official adoption of multiculturalism as a unifying ideal. Mann’s study insists on the historical contingency of the rise of multicultural discourse, locating it securely within the wider history of global decolonization.'—Stuart Ward, University of Copenhagen 'A comparative book-length study of Australian and Canadian multiculturalism policy is long overdue. Unlike many scholars, he does not conflate modern understandings of multiculturalism with its historical antecedents. Instead, he seeks to historicize multiculturalism policy – something that has been sorely lacking in both geographical contexts.' —Lee Blanding, Langara College ‘Mann challenges the preconception that multiculturalism was a "natural" and "inevitable" development of the history of Canada and Australia. Since he focuses on an historical and political perspective, his work is a good companion to other works that focus on a cultural or economic approach to nationalism and national identities.'—Elisa Sance, University of Maine 'The originality of Mann’s approach lies in its close reading of texts: speeches, correspondence and other private papers. Mann’s book is significant for the comparative perspectives that it brings to the study of the rise of multiculturalism in Canada and Australia.'—Andrew Markus, Monash University ‘This is an ambitious work, covering a span of almost a century and maintaining its focus on the two strands of national identity and immigration policy. Mann’s delivery matches the ambition of the project, and this is an important work for anyone wishing to understand the growth of post-British national identities in Canada and Australia.'—Iain Johnston-White, Aberystwyth University 'Timely and relevant, Mann’s book will provide a reliable source for higher education coursework on postcolonial identity politics. It is indispensable for course development on comparative postcolonial politics, and will support studies of contemporary cultural phenomena too, by providing a parallel historical survey.'—Gabriella T. Espák,　University of Debrecen