This book provides the most detailed analysis to date of the economics of the Soviet urban household sector during the 1970s. It contains nine studies covering the size distribution of incomes and wealth, the incidence and causes of poverty, the labor supply of women, division of labor among household members and saving behavior. All these studies are based on a unique source of information: the returns of retrospective income surveys of Jewish immigrants to Israel and the United States and in each study Gur Ofer and Aaron Vinokur employ a cross-sectional econometric analysis of the data on individual households.