How do traditional church and state relations, developed within Christian legal orders, respond to Muslim immigration and religious diversification? This question is treated from a comparative perspective, focusing on Great Britain and Germany, in the contributions of this collection. After looking at the history of establishment and disestablishment in Great Britain and Scandinavia, the contributions cover specific aspects such as the individual's legal protection in religious courts, employment disputes, church autonomy, the role of religious communities in public life and the legal status of Muslim communities in particular. Some of the contributions also show how the relationship is influenced by the European Convention on Human Rights. The volume is the result of a research project by the editors forming part of the Cluster of Excellency "Religion and Politics" of the University of Munster, Germany.