Scimat (Science Matters) is the new multidiscipline that deals with the science of humans. It aims to raise the scientific level of the humanities by encouraging interaction between humanists and natural scientists. This book arises from a very special conjunction between several different scientists meeting together for the Xth anniversary of the Science Matters Conferences at Cascais Cultural Center in October 2017. This volume which contains 8 chapters written by 9 expert humanists and scientists deals with a great diversity of themes ranging from the Enlightenment of the XVIII century, moving through the Vienna Circle of the XX century without forgeting the multidisciplinary world of today, which has become all-important in contemporary thought.