To understand how capitalism has come to engulf our world, we must understand how it developed out of classical civilization. Its historical roots lie in the emergence of hierarchies, power, monopolies, and the nation-state, argues Abdullah Öcalan. is the second book in a new five-volume work called Manifesto for a Democratic Civilization. Together, they present the synthesis of Öcalan’s political thinking. This volume completes his journey through the history of civilizations, preparing the ground for the upcoming volume on .