This most recent trend has been taken up here and represents the main focus of this book applied to carbon-based materials, including nanocrystalline diamond, aerogels, and carbon nanotubes. The book compiles and details cutting-edge research, and several applications are described within the field of energy, microelectronics, and biomedicine. Beyond that, a perspective is given including a diversity of industrial applications and market opportunities for C-based nanoscale materials and devices in the future.