Cultural and natural heritage are central to ideas of what Europe and “the European project’” are. Heritage studies were prevalent in the emergence of nation-states in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, where they were used to justify differences over which border conflicts were fought. Later, the idea of a “common European heritage” provided a rationale for the development of the European Union. Now, the emergence of “new” populist nationalisms shows how the imagined past continues to play a role in cultural and social governance, while a series of interlinked social and ecological crises are changing the ways that heritage operates, with new discourses and ontologies emerging to reconfigure heritage for the circumstances of the present and the uncertainties of the future.