Long-term monitoring programs are fundamental to understanding the natural environment and managing major environmental problems. Yet they are often done very poorly and ineffectively. This second edition of the highly acclaimed describes what makes monitoring programs successful and how to ensure that long-term monitoring studies persist.The book has been fully revised and updated but remains concise, illustrating key aspects of effective monitoring with case studies and examples. It includes new sections comparing surveillance-based and question-based monitoring, analyzing environmental observation networks, and provides examples of adaptive monitoring.Based on the authors’ 80 years of collective experience in running long-term research and monitoring programs, is a valuable resource for the natural resource management, ecological and environmental science and policy communities.