Following a brief introduction, the monograph starts with a brief overview of data availability and measurement (Section 2), summarizing the available empirical evidence on long-term trends in regional entrepreneurship in Section 3. Section 4 discusses potential explanations for these findings. Section 5 is devoted to the effects of persistent regional entrepreneurship on economic development. Based on these findings the authors discuss theory development in Section 6 and derive policy implications in Section 7. Section 8 reviews empirical challenges and describes the main avenues for further research. Section 9 provides the authors' conclusions.