emphasizes essential concepts, offering a concise, accessible, and focused approach to the topic while maintaining the high standard of scientific accuracy and pedagogical richness for which the Taiz franchise is renowned. This concise and accessible textbook meets the needs of undergraduate students studying plant physiology and structure/function classes. This fundamentals version is a response to requests from educators for an up-to-date and accessible text, specifically tailored to students who may not have extensive training in organic chemistry, genetics, or molecular biology. The second edition has been updated to reflect recent and remarkable advancements in plant sciences. These advancements, coupled with rapid progress in molecular breeding genome editing techniques, have enabled the development of crops that can sustain various challenges including climate change, soil degradation, and the introduction of new pathogens and pests. addresses these new realities and explores topics that are closely linked to these advancements.