Moth-Flame Optimization algorithm is an emerging meta-heuristic and has been widely used in both science and industry. Solving optimization problem using this algorithm requires addressing a number of challenges, including multiple objectives, constraints, binary decision variables, large-scale search space, dynamic objective function, and noisy parameters. Handbook of Moth-Flame Optimization Algorithm: Variants, Hybrids, Improvements, and Applications provides an in-depth analysis of this algorithm and the existing methods in the literature to cope with such challenges. Key Features: This handbook will interest researchers in evolutionary computation and meta-heuristics and those who are interested in applying Moth-Flame Optimization algorithm and swarm intelligence methods overall to different application areas.