In terms of resources for a nation's economic development, nothing can be considered of higher importance than the health of the people, which is a measure of their energy, capacity, and potential for productive work. Health is a positive state of well being in which the harmonious development of physical and mental capacities of the individual lead to the enjoyment of a rich and full life. It is not a negative state of mere absence of disease. Health further implies complete adjustment of the individual to his total environment, physical and social. In India, considerable achievements have been made since Independence in 1947 to improve the country's health standards. However, India has to deal with the rising costs of healthcare and the growing expectations of the people. The urgent challenge of quality health services in remote rural regions has to be met. AIDS, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and stroke are not only serious health problems, but also pose formidable development issues on account of their potential adverse impact on productivity, and hence, socio-economic development. This book contains 26 research papers which provide deep psycho-social and neurological insights into various dimensions of healthcare challenges being faced by India. 15 papers deal with the pressing problem of HIV/AIDS, while the remaining 11 examine other physical and mental disorders, including cancer, diabetes, depression, inhalant abuse, sleep problems, stress, and sexually transmitted infections. These well-researched papers provide valuable information on the management of healthcare problems in India.