G. W. F. Hegel (1770–1831), the influential German philosopher, believed that human history was advancing spiritually and morally according to God's purpose. At the beginning of Lectures on the History of Philosophy, Hegel writes: "What the history of Philosophy shows us is a succession of noble minds, a gallery of heroes of thought, who, by the power of Reason, have penetrated into the being of things, of nature and of spirit, into the Being of God, and have won for us by their labours the highest treasure, the treasure of reasoned knowledge." Volume 3 of Lectures on the History of Philosophy, titled Medieval and Modern Philosophy for this Bison Books edition, begins with a survey of the philosophy of the middle ages, leaving the pagan world for the Christian and extending to the sixteenth century A.D. Hegel shows how scholastic theology and philosophy developed through the efforts of Peter Lombard, Thomas Aquinas, and others. Hegel's treatment of the modern period of philosophy focuses on Bacon, Descartes, Spinoza, Locke, Hobbes, Leibnitz, Berkeley, Hume, Kant, and Fichte.