Diet is considered one of the most important lifestyle factors than can affect health. Although Mediterranean diet has long been celebrated for its beneficial effect against cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity) the past few years further research worldwide suggests a favorable impact on metabolic parameters and type 2 diabetes as well. It has also shown signs of benefiting children with asthma. This book discusses the effects of the Mediterranean diet on health, and also examines dietary therapies on obesity and metabolic syndrome in adolescents.