fills the gap within scholarship of the Kurdish political conflict. This study has both analytical and theoretical value. Since it is not reductionistic, the book contributes significantly to analysis of international relations, comparative politics, and foreign policy formulation. Thus far, there has not been a systematic and theoretical analysis of the Kurdish liberation struggles. Uniquely, this study enhances comparative scholarship and reveals the scope and intensity of the problem under consideration. reflects the dimension of human rights violations and informs the readers of the Kurdish political culture and their long history of conflict.