The Metalogicon (Contents in brief) Prologue — Occasion, Purpose, and General Nature of the Work Book I — The Trivium and Grammar Book II — Logic Proper: General Observations Book III — Logic: Contents (Porphyry and Aristotle) Book IV — Logic: Contents and Truth The study of grammar in John of Salisbury's time included familiarization with the ancient Latin classics, and involved not only a reading of them but also an analysis and imitation of their style. It thus anticipated the humanism of the Renaissance. The study of logic, as it was then pursued, comprised learning and putting into practice the principles of Aristotle's . In , a leading medieval scholar summarizes the essential lineaments of existing twelfth-century education, describes his experiences while a student at Chartres and Paris, and affords personal glimpses of such contemporary intellectual leaders as Peter Abelard, Gilbert de la Porrée, and Thierry of Chartres. Written more than 950 years ago, still possesses an invigorating originality that invites readers to refresh themselves at the sources of Western learning. "Grammar is accordingly first among the liberal arts. Necessary for the young, gratifying to the old, and an agreeable solace in solitude, it alone, of all branches of learning, has more utility than show." — Quintilian, quoted by John of Salisbury in (ca. 1115–1176) studied with almost all the great masters of the early twelfth century, served as an aid to Thomas à Becket, was friend to Pope Hadrian IV, an annoyance if not an enemy to England's King Henry II, and died as Bishop of Chartres. was a professor of history at Saint Louis University. He died in 1999. His translation of was the first to appear in any modern language.