The violent colonization of Africa by European nations toward the end of the 19th century—a colonization justified by theories about the African Mind promulgated in the Age of Reason—had a profound impact upon the mind of Black Africa. After World War II, the mind of Black Africa rebelled; this rebellion led to a struggle for the self. After Africans achieved political independence, the new African leaders betrayed their own people. Africans now have the responsibility of restoring and reaffirming their true inheritance—the mind of Black Africa.