Water treatment is a process that involves the treatment of water to render it acceptable for specific uses like drinking, irrigation, industrial water supply, etc. It involves either removal or reduction of the contaminants. Some of the contaminants of water include suspended solids, various microbes and minerals such as iron and magnesium. Different physical, chemical and biological processes such as filtration, disinfection, coagulation, etc. are used to treat water. Some of the key functional areas of water treatment include drinking water production, wastewater treatment, domestic water treatment, desalination and ultrapure water production. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of water treatment. The various advancements in treatment methods are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. The extensive content herein provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.